餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物多样性分析

采用PCR-DGGE等分析手段,研究了餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物种群动态变化.结果表明,餐厨垃圾不灭菌而接种的开放式发酵体系中微生物的多样性高于灭菌后接种的非开放式发酵体系,而乳酸产量也是前者高于后者.说明发酵体系中的微生物多样性与乳酸产量有很大的相关性.通过对部分条带的测序可知,餐厨垃圾开放式发酵体系中除含有接种用的嗜淀粉乳杆菌外,还含有很多土著乳酸菌,如Lactobacillus sp.、Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus plantarum,以及土著水解菌,如假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)等,这些土著菌的存在是促进乳酸发酵的重要因素.PCR-DGGE结合技术对于成分复杂的餐厨垃圾中的细菌种群结构的动态变化分析是可行的.     

武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露风险评估

在武汉市区设置70个采样点,采集土壤、灰尘、大气及食品样品.根据美国EPA推荐的儿童铅暴露参数,应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评估方法对武汉市儿童多途径铅暴露进行了风险评估,结果表明,武汉市区儿童每天的铅暴露量为1.20×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1.经消化道途径是儿童摄入铅的主要途径,其暴露量为1.04×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1,其次为经呼吸道途径及皮肤吸收途径,其暴露量分别为0.153×10-3mg.（kg.d）-1和8.56×10-7mg.（kg.d）-1.在消化道途径中,摄入土壤或灰尘铅暴露量占占总暴露量的52.0%,通过消化道途径摄入土壤或灰尘是最主要的暴露途径.用Monte Carlo法进行模拟,在消化道途径中,通过摄取土壤铅暴露量为2.48×10-2mg.d-1.超过JECFA指定的PTDI的概率为2.1%.风险水平R计算结果表明,从消化道、呼吸道、皮肤吸收这3个途径的铅暴露风险均小于最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5,其中经过皮肤吸收途径的铅暴露风险值小于可忽略风险水平1×10-8.应用Kriging插值法获得武汉市中心城区儿童铅日暴露量的空间分布,运用指示Kriging方法获得了武汉市儿童铅暴露危险指数图,显示武汉市青山区及江岸区儿童铅暴露水平较高.     

重庆市主城区PM2.5时空分布特征

利用2014年6月1日至2015年5月31日重庆市主城区17个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,探讨了重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)时空分布特征.结果表明:1重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)季节浓度由高到低依次为冬季(100.2μg·m~(-3))、秋季(66.1μg·m~(-3))、春季(45.9μg·m~(-3))和夏季(33.4μg·m~(-3))(P0.05).2重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)月均浓度变化呈单峰单谷型,1月PM_(2.5)月均浓度最高(P0.05),达到120.8μg·m-3.3逐日变化,国控17个空气质量监测站PM_(2.5)日均浓度曲线都呈现出尖峰和深谷交替变化的锯齿状.4重庆市主城区16个国控监测点(除缙云山对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度日变化在全年、春季、秋季和冬季都呈现明显的双峰双谷型.5PM_(2.5)与SO_2、NO_2和CO都呈显著正相关(P0.01),表明SO_2、NO_2和CO的二次转化对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著影响.     

广东省船舶排放源清单及时空分布特征研究

分别采用基于船舶引擎功率和耗油量的排放因子法,估算了广东省地区2010年的船舶排放清单,并选取客货运输吞吐量、航道通航能力因子和港口地理坐标等数据作为权重因子,研究了该地区各类船舶排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,广东省各类船舶在2010年的SO2、NO x、CO、PM10、PM2.5和VOCs排放总量分别为14.6×104t、23.1×104t、3.0×104t、7.9×103t、7.2×103t和9.3×103t.广东省客货运输船舶月排放波动较小;渔业船舶在1月、4月和11月份的排放比例最高.广东省客货运输船舶水域排放集中在西江干线水道和珠江三角洲高等级航道网内,港口排放主要分布在广东省珠江三角洲沿海发达城市地区;渔船港口排放量呈显著的沿海条带状空间分布特征.     

不同含磷物质对重金属污染土壤-水稻系统中重金属迁移的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验研究磷酸氢二钠(DSP)和羟基磷灰石(HAP)对污染土壤中重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn)向水稻迁移的影响.结果表明,①DSP和HAP都显著提高了土壤pH值和有效磷含量(p0.05),降低了土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量,且HAP降低重金属交换态的效果较DSP好.水稻地上部分重金属含量与土壤中重金属交换态含量呈明显正相关关系,说明DSP和HAP通过降低土壤中重金属交换态含量从而达到减少重金属向水稻中迁移的目的.②DSP和HAP明显降低了水稻各器官Pb、Cd的含量,同时使水稻根、壳、糙米中Zn含量降低,但增加了茎叶中Zn的含量.与对照相比,DSP和HAP分别使糙米中Pb、Cd、Zn最大降低了48.72%、22.22%、25.35%和62.82%、66.67%、39.88%,但是糙米中Pb、Cd含量仍未达到食品卫生标准限值(GB2762—2012).③DSP和HAP处理都使水稻根干重逐渐减少,使茎叶、壳、糙米干重先增加后降低,在0.12 g·kg-1时使水稻糙米产量最大.综上,DSP和HAP都能有效控制土壤中Pb、Cd、Zn向水稻中迁移,且HAP效果比DSP好,但磷添加量不宜过高.     

Enhanced struvite recovery from wastewater using a novel cone-inserted fluidized bed reactor

The feasibility of struvite recovery at low （12.5 mg/L） and high （120 mg[L） phosphorus concentrations was studied by constructing a novel fluidized bed reactor with cones （FBRwc） and without cones （FBRwoc）. The crystallization process was continuously operated for 133 days under different hydraulic retention times （HRT = 1-10 hr）, pH （7.5-10）, and molar ratios of Mg/P （0.75-1.75）, N/P （1-10） and Ca/Mg （0-2）. The optimum operating conditions of HRT, pH, Mg/P and N/P molar ratios were found to be 2 hr, 9, 1.25, and 7.5, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the phosphorus precipitation efficiencies of FBRwc were 93% for low and 98% for high phosphorus influent; however, the efficiencies were 78% and 81% for FBRwoc, respectively. Due to crystal losses at each junction （17%-31%）, the crystal recovery efficiency of FBRwoc was relatively low （47%-65%） for both influent concentrations. However, the losses were minimal in FBRwc, which showed 75% and 92% crystal recovery for low and high phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At low calcium concentration, crystal chemical analysis showed the product to be pure struvite （〉 99%）. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered from FBRwc contained pure struvite, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer. Except HRT, all parameters （pH, Mg/P, N/P and Ca/Mg） were found to be influencing factors for FBRwc performance. Overall, inserting cones in each part of the reactor played a significant role in enhancing struvite recovery from a wide range of phosphorus-containing wastewater.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

车辆加载减速法技术防弊措施分析研究

加载减速法（LugDown）排气检测用底盘测功机模拟柴油车在行驶道路上的高负荷运行状况,对整车性能、特别是机械与安全性能要求高,且面对复杂的社会关系与经济诱惑,难免会出现操作不规范或作弊情况.监管部门应结合LugDown法原理与特点,通过分析检测过程质控节点、作弊与不规范操作特征等,针对性地制定技术控制措施以促进设备控制性能的改进与完善,并用机动车排放监督管理系统和视频实现防作弊控制,就能有效规范LugDown法操作行为.     

基于《环境影响评价》的研究性系列实验设计与教学实践研究

为提高高校本科生实验及实践类课程教学水平,基于笔者十余年实践类课程教学实践,介绍了以课程形式新建的具有研究性特质的系列本科生教学实验,实验素材主要源于“理论课程中的经典研究方法、学科前沿的科学研究实验和成熟的社会应用技术方法和规范”,最后基于具体实践教学案例,详细阐述了上述系列研究性实验的教学细节和流程.希望本研究的探索工作能够为中国高校实验教学的深入改革,以及建立基于学科的国家级基础实验教学示范中心提供基础和借鉴.     

焦化行业清洁生产指标体系的建立及应用研究

目前,焦化行业的清洁生产水平无量化标准,焦化企业间清洁生产水平无法量化比较,为此,将创新性地设立焦化行业的清洁生产指标体系和清洁生产指标体系的考核评分计算方法,将该体系应用于焦化行业的典型企业,对企业清洁生产水平量化打分,并进行了普适性研究。该方法的提出可以很好的解决对不同清洁生产水平的企业进行量化排序的问题,从而达到既能发现公司清洁生产潜力,又能够明确企业在同行业中的位置的目的。